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The light traveling the optical fiber is the main carrier of information or data that needs to be transmitted along the fiber optical cable. In order to receive the useful data without the errors the system has to receive the light at an optimal optical attenuation level. Either too little or too much power will cause high bit error rates. The Bit Error Rate (also BER) is the number of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. Bit error ratio is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.

Today, Fiber Optic Networks rely on optical transceivers to send the optical light down the optical cable. These optical transceivers come in many form-factors and types. They are modules that transmit and receive optical data using incorporated lasers.